| ATP |
Advanced
Technology Program, National Institute of Standards
and Technology, Technology Administration, U.S. Department
of Commerce |
| BTU |
British
Thermal Unit, measure of heat energy |
| CAD |
Computer-aided
design |
| CCAR |
Closed-cycle
air refrigeration |
| CFC |
Chlorofluorocarbon,
ozone depleting substances, used as a refrigerant
in mechanical refrigeration systems; phased out under
Montreal Protocol |
| CHE |
Chart
Heat Exchanger |
| CO |
Carbon
monoxide |
| CO2 |
Carbon
dioxide, in solid state, frequently used as cryogenic
medium in food freezing process |
| Compander |
(Com)pressor
and Ex(pander) mounted on the same shaft; part of
the power requirements of the compressor is provided
by expander and part from an electric motor, geared
to the common shaft |
| COP |
Coefficient
of performance: a measure of refrigeration cycle
efficiency; defined as useful refrigeration output
in kW divided by the electrical input in kW |
| Cryogenics |
Technology
for producing temperatures lower than normal industrial
refrigeration, that is, according to some lower than –70°F
and according to others lower than –150°F |
| DGS |
Dry
gas seals |
| EPA |
Environmental
Protection Agency |
| Expander |
Cryogenic
turbine that expands and cools a gas stream |
| Evaporator |
Component
of a mechanical refrigeration system, also known
as a load heat exchanger; the evaporator is a vessel
where high pressure liquid refrigerant vaporizes
to a gaseous state: refrigeration of an enclosed
space (load) is achieved when liquid refrigerant
withdraws heat energy from the load as it changes
to a gaseous state; withdrawal of heat energy is
based on the principle of latent heat of evaporation |
| °F |
Degrees
Fahrenheit, temperature measurement scale |
| Greenfield |
New
construction of manufacturing plants |
| HACCP |
Hazard
Analysis and Critical Control Points: a category
of U.S. Food and Drug Administration food safety
regulations, and requires labor-intensive monitoring
of cooking processes in food processing plants
and in food service establishments |
| HC |
Hydrocarbons,
a standard category of engine emission pollutant |
| HCFC |
Hydro-chlorofluorocarbon:
ozone depleting substance used as a refrigerant in
mechanical refrigeration systems; to be phased out
under the Montreal Protocol |
| Heat
exchanger, Heat transfer coil |
Devices
that transfer heat from a hot to a cold fluid; the
barrier between the two fluids is a metal wall, such
as that of a tube or pipe. In many engineering applications
it is desirable to increase the temperature of one
fluid while cooling another. This double action is
economically accomplished by coils, evaporators,
condensers, and coolers that may collectively be
considered heat exchangers |
| HP |
Horse
power: a unit of measurement for the power output
of machinery, such as an internal combustion engine,
used in marine vessel propulsion |
| HX |
Heat
exchanger |
| Joule-Thompson
effect |
Scientific
principle indicating that the temperature of a gas
stream will be reduced while passing through a very
small nozzle |
| Latent
heat of evaporation |
Heat
energy required to bring about phase change from
liquid to gaseous form, at constant temperature;
it is the amount of energy that must be absorbed
or withdrawn form the refrigeration load, by a liquid
refrigerant, to change its phase to a gaseous state |
| LIN |
Liquid
nitrogen |
| LNG |
Liquid
natural gas |
| Load |
Refrigeration
load of a mechanical or cryogenic refrigeration system;
heat energy that must be withdrawn by the system
to reduce temperatures in a refrigerated chamber
to specified levels |
| Mechanical
refrigeration |
Also
known as vapor compression refrigeration; motor-driven
compressor impels the circulation of refrigerant
through a closed loop; mechanical refrigeration is
achieved when liquid refrigerant withdraws heat energy
from the load as it changes to a gaseous state |
| MOU |
Memorandum
of understanding |
| OMB |
Office
of Management and Budget |
| NH3 |
Ammonia,
common refrigerant in industrial mechanical vapor
compression systems; ammonia is toxic. |
| NOX |
Nitrogen
oxides |
| PM10 |
Particulate
emissions |
| PSIG |
Pounds
per square inch gauge; measure of system pressure |
| Refrigerant |
Working
medium in a refrigeration cycle that is successively
compressed, cooled, and then expanded; in expanding,
the refrigerant absorbs heat from its surroundings
to provide refrigeration |
| Refrigeration |
Withdrawal
of heat from a chamber (refrigeration load) to achieve
temperatures lower than ambient temperatures; after
heat is withdrawn from refrigeration load it is transferred
to a condenser and dissipated to air or water coolant |
| SOE |
Sale
of equipment |
| SOR |
Sale
of refrigeration; Air Products would build, own,
and operate CCAR units adjacent to customers’ industrial
facility and sell refrigeration services “over
the fence” on the basis of a long-term contract |
| Spiral
freezer |
Freezer
for chilling and freezing food where a continuous
belt, carrying food items through the refrigerated
enclosure, is stacked in a spiral arrangement up
to 50 tiers high; allows very long belts and long
food product residence time in a compact freezer
space |
| Sublimination |
Carbon
dioxide can sublimate, or change directly from frozen
solid state to gaseous state, without going through
an intermediate liquid phase |
| 3-D |
Three-dimensional |
| Ton
of refrigeration |
Measure
of refrigerating capacity, sufficient to freeze (bring
about phase change from liquid to solid state) a
ton of water; The origin of this term suggests the
early history of refrigeration in ice plants: 1 ton
refrigeration capacity ice plant could freeze 2,000
pounds (or 1 ton) of ice, corresponding to 12,000
BTU per hour |
| Tunnel
freezer |
Freezer
for chilling and freezing food, where a continuous
belt, carrying food items through the refrigerated
enclosure, makes a single straight line pass through
refrigerated enclosure; belt may be perforated, permitting
vertical flow of refrigerated air through the belt
and product layer |
| Turndown |
Operating
equipment under less than full load; equipment with
good turndown characteristics can be operated efficiently
at less than full load |
| VOC |
Volatile
organic compound: chemicals containing hydrogen,
carbon, and other elements that evaporate easily;
in the presence of sunlight and nitrogen oxides,
VOCs react and form ground level ozone, a component
of smog |
